Hong Kong East Cluster

1. Non-duplicate isolates from blood, urine and respiratory specimens. Interpreted according to CLSI. Nonsusceptible include both intermediate and resistant.
2. Overall prevalence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) were 31% for E. coli and 18% for Klebsiella species.
   NB: For severe infection caused by ESBL-producing organisms, ertapenem, imipenem and meropenem are drug of choice for treatment.
3. Nitrofurantoin: Susceptibility rate for urine isolates only.
4. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci are resistant to all available beta-lactam antibiotics in PYNEH drug formulary, except ceftaroline.
5. Gentamicin is used only in combination with other active agents that test susceptible for staphylococcal infection.
6. Enterococcus species: In general, susceptibility to penicillin can be used to predict susceptibility to these antibiotics: ampicillin, amoxicillin (Amoxil), ampicillin-sulbactam (Unasyn), amoxicillin-clavulanate (Augmenitn), and piperacilin-tazobactam (Tazocin).
7. , indicate 10% or more reduction in nonsusceptible rate compared to 2020.
   
   , indicate 10% or more increase in nonsusceptible rate compared to 2020.

# The annual number of isolates is small. Data from 2021 to 2022 were combined in the calculation.