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Abbreviations

ABECB

Acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis

ACBC

Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex

ADR

Adverse drug reactions

AGEP

Acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis

ALT

Alanine aminotransferase

AMR

Antibiotic Resistance

b.i.d.

Twice a day

CA-MRSA

Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

CAP

Community-acquired pneumonia

CAPD

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

CC17

Clonal complex 17

CDC

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CFU

Colony-forming unit

CHP

Centre for Health Protection

CK

Creatine kinase

CLSI

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute

COVID-19

Coronavirus Disease 2019

CPE

Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales

CRAB

Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

CRE

Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales

cIAI

Complicated intra-abdominal infections

cSSTI

Complicated skin and soft tissue infections

cUTI

Complicated urinary tract infections

DH

Department of Health

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DPT

Drug provocation test

DRESS

Drug reaction with eosinophilia & systemic symptoms

DRSP

Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae

EAEC

Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli

EDTA

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

ERCP

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

ESBL

Extended-spectrum β-lactamase

ESBL-E

Extended-spectrum-β-lactamases-producing Enterobacterales

ETEC

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli

FQ

Fluoroquinolone

GDP

Gross domestic product

GLASS

Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System

HA

Hospital Authority

HA-MRSA

Hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

HABP

Hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia

HACEK

Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter spp., Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, Kingella spp.

HAP

Hospital-acquired pneumonia

HDU

High dependency unit

HIV

Human immunodeficiency virus

HK-DADI

Hong Kong Drug Allergy Delabelling Initiative

HKSAR

Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

HKWC

Hong Kong West Cluster

I.M.

Intramuscular

I.V.

Intravenous

ICARE

Intensive Care Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology

ICU

Intensive care unit

ID

Infectious disease

IDT

Intradermal tests

IVDU

Intravenous drug user

IVIG

Intravenous immunoglobulin

KCC

Kowloon Central Cluster

KEC

Kowloon East Cluster

KPC

Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase

MAO

Monoamine oxidase

MDR

Multidrug-resistant

MDRO

Multi-drug resistant organisms

MIC

Minimum inhibitory concentration

MRAB

Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

MRMP

Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae

MRSA

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

MSSA

Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus

MSU

Midstream urine

N/A

Not applicable

NDM

New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase

OAT1

Organic anion transporter 1

OPAT

Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy

P.O.

By mouth

PBP

Penicillin-binding protein

PCR

Polymerase chain reaction

PD

Pharmacodynamics

PHLSB

Public Health Laboratory Services Branch

PID

Pelvic inflammatory disease

PK

Pharmacokinetic

PT

Patch tests

PVL

Panton-Valentine leukocidin

QMH

Queen Mary Hospital

q.i.d.

Four times daily

q12h

Every 12 hours

RCT

Randomised controlled trial

RNA

Ribonucleic acid

RTE food

Ready-to-eat food

rRNA

Ribosomal RNA

SCAR

Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions

SCC

Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome

SIADH

Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

SJS

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

SPT

Skin prick tests

SSI

Surgical Site Infection

SSTI

Skin and soft tissue infections

TB

Tuberculosis

TEN

Toxic epidermal necrolysis

TPPB

Transperineal prostate biopsy

TRPB

Transrectal prostate biopsy

TURBT

Transurethral resection of bladder tumour

TURP

Transurethral resection of the prostate

VABP

Ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia

VRE

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci

VREfm

Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium

WHO

World Health Organization

XDR

Extensively drug-resistant