Abbreviations

ABECB	Acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
ACBC	Acinetobacter baumannii-calcoaceticus complex
ADR	Adverse drug reactions
AGEP	Acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis
ALT	Alanine aminotransferase
AMR	Antibiotic Resistance
b.i.d.	Twice a day
CA-MRSA	Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
CAP	Community-acquired pneumonia
CAPD	Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
CC17	Clonal complex 17
CDC	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CFU	Colony-forming unit
CHP	Centre for Health Protection
CK	Creatine kinase
CLSI	Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
COVID-19	Coronavirus Disease 2019
CPE	Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales
CRAB	Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
CRE	Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales
cIAI	Complicated intra-abdominal infections
cSSTI	Complicated skin and soft tissue infections
cUTI	Complicated urinary tract infections
DH	Department of Health
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid
DPT	Drug provocation test
DRESS	Drug reaction with eosinophilia & systemic symptoms
DRSP	Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
EAEC	Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli
EDTA	Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
ERCP	Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
ESBL	Extended-spectrum β-lactamase
ESBL-E	Extended-spectrum-β-lactamases-producing Enterobacterales
ETEC	Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
FQ	Fluoroquinolone
GDP	Gross domestic product
GLASS	Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System
HA	Hospital Authority
HA-MRSA	Hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
HABP	Hospital-acquired bacterial pneumonia
HACEK	Haemophilus spp., Aggregatibacter spp., Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella corrodens, Kingella spp.
HAP	Hospital-acquired pneumonia
HDU	High dependency unit
HIV	Human immunodeficiency virus
HK-DADI	Hong Kong Drug Allergy Delabelling Initiative
HKSAR	Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
HKWC	Hong Kong West Cluster
I.M.	Intramuscular
I.V.	Intravenous
ICARE	Intensive Care Antimicrobial Resistance Epidemiology
ICU	Intensive care unit
ID	Infectious disease
IDT	Intradermal tests
IVDU	Intravenous drug user
IVIG	Intravenous immunoglobulin
KCC	Kowloon Central Cluster
KEC	Kowloon East Cluster
KPC	Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase
MAO	Monoamine oxidase
MDR	Multidrug-resistant
MDRO	Multi-drug resistant organisms
MIC	Minimum inhibitory concentration
MRAB	Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii
MRMP	Macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae
MRSA	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
MSSA	Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus
MSU	Midstream urine
N/A	Not applicable
NDM	New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase
OAT1	Organic anion transporter 1
OPAT	Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy
P.O.	By mouth
PBP	Penicillin-binding protein
PCR	Polymerase chain reaction
PD	Pharmacodynamics
PHLSB	Public Health Laboratory Services Branch
PID	Pelvic inflammatory disease
PK	Pharmacokinetic
PT	Patch tests
PVL	Panton-Valentine leukocidin
QMH	Queen Mary Hospital
q.i.d.	Four times daily
q12h	Every 12 hours
RCT	Randomised controlled trial
RNA	Ribonucleic acid
RTE food	Ready-to-eat food
rRNA	Ribosomal RNA
SCAR	Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions
SCC	Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome
SIADH	Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
SJS	Stevens-Johnson syndrome
SPT	Skin prick tests
SSI	Surgical Site Infection
SSTI	Skin and soft tissue infections
TB	Tuberculosis
TEN	Toxic epidermal necrolysis
TPPB	Transperineal prostate biopsy
TRPB	Transrectal prostate biopsy
TURBT	Transurethral resection of bladder tumour
TURP	Transurethral resection of the prostate
VABP	Ventilator-associated bacterial pneumonia
VRE	Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci
VREfm	Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium
WHO	World Health Organization
XDR	Extensively drug-resistant