Private Hospitals

1. Only the first isolates of a given species per patient per calendar year were included, irrespective of body site, antimicrobial susceptibility profile or other phenotypical characteristics.
2. Results obtained from surveillance studies (CPE Screening and VRE Screening) were excluded.
3. The overall prevalance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) were 21% for Klebsiella species and 18% for E.coli.
4. The percentage of community-associated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) among all Staphylococcus aureus tested is 4% (10/227).
5. According to breakpoint for parenteral cefuroxime sodium.
6. Results obtained from urine isolates only.
7. In Streptococcus pneumoniae, resistance to azithromycin & clarithromycin can be predicted by testing erythromycin (CLSI M100).

* For Streptococcus pneumoniae, Penicillin (parenteral) MIC ≤ 0.06 µg/mL (61.3%), MIC 0.09-1 µg/mL (37.1%), MIC 1.5-2 µg/mL (1.6%), MIC 4 µg/mL (0%).
% Penicillin (parenteral) sensitive: non-meningitis breakpoint at MIC ≤ 2 µg/mL = 100% and meningitis breakpoint at MIC ≤ 0.06 µg/mL = 61.3%.
# The annual number of isolates is small. Data from 2024 and 2025 were combined in the calculation.

Indicate 10% or more increase in resistant rate compared to 2022 figures.
Indicate 10% or more reduction in resistant rate compared to 2022 figures.