Antibiograms

1. Only the first isolates of a given species per patient per calendar year were inculded, irrespective of body site, antimicrobial susceptibility profile or other phenotypical characteristics.
2. Results obtained from surveillance studies (MRSA Screening, CPE Screening, VRE Screening and GBS Screening) were excluded.
3. Susceptibility results were interpreted according to 2020 CLSI definition except Cefoperazone-sulbactam (Sulperazon). Nonsusceptible included both intermediate and resistant.
4. Overall prevalance of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) were 11% for Klebsiella species, 20% for E. coli. ESBL-producing strains should be interpreted as resistant to all penicillins, cephalosporins and aztreonam.
5. In Streptococcus pneumoniae, resistance to azithromycin & clarithromycin can be predicted by testing erythromycin (CLSI M100).
6. According to breakpoint for parenteral cefuroxime sodium.
7. Results obtained from urine isolates only.
8. Results obtained from non urine isolates only.

For Streptococcus pneumoniae, Penicillin (parenteral) MIC ≤0.06 µg/mL (53.1%), MIC 0.09-1µg/mL (34.4%), MIC 1.5-2 µg/mL (12.5%).
% Penicillin (parenteral) sensitive: non-meningitis breakpoint at MIC ≤2 µg/mL = 100% and meningitis breakpoint at MIC ≤0.06 µg/mL 53%.
# The annual number of isolates is small. Data from 2019 and 2020 were conbined in the calculation.

Indicate 10% or more increase in resistant rate compared to 2019 figures.
Indicate 10% or more reduction in resistant rate compared to 2019 figures.