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Table 1.2 Intrinsic and associated resistance to antimicrobial agents among five nosocomial pathogens
| Bacteria | Intrinsic resistance | Associated resistance |
|---|---|---|
| MRSA | All ß-lactams1, ß-lactam/ß-lactamase inhibitor combinations | Common: erythromycin, clindamycin, aminoglycosides, cotrimoxazole, fluoroquinolones |
| VREfm | Glycopeptides, cotrimoxazole, clindamycin, aminoglycosides | Common: ampicillin, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, high level aminoglycoside resistance |
| ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CTX-M, SHV-, TEM-derived) | All cephalosporins including third generation cephalosporins, (variable activity against fourth-generation cephalosporins), all penicillins and monobactams | Common:
fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, cotrimoxazole |
| Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) | All ß-lactams including carbapenem (except monobactam) | Common: fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, cotrimoxazole |
| Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) | Cross-resistance to other ß-lactams are common | Common: fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, cotrimoxazole |
Note:
1Except anti-MRSA cephalosporins such as ceftaroline
