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Table 1.2 Intrinsic and associated resistance to antimicrobial agents among five nosocomial pathogens

Bacteria Intrinsic resistance Associated resistance
MRSA All ß-lactams1, ß-lactam/ß-lactamase inhibitor combinations Common:
erythromycin, clindamycin, aminoglycosides, cotrimoxazole, fluoroquinolones
VREfm Glycopeptides, cotrimoxazole, clindamycin, aminoglycosides Common:
ampicillin, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, high level aminoglycoside resistance
ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CTX-M, SHV-, TEM-derived) All cephalosporins including third generation cephalosporins, (variable activity against fourth-generation cephalosporins), all penicillins and monobactams Common:
fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, cotrimoxazole
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) All ß-lactams including carbapenem (except monobactam) Common:
fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, cotrimoxazole
Carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) Cross-resistance to other ß-lactams are common Common:
fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, cotrimoxazole

 

Note:

1Except anti-MRSA cephalosporins such as ceftaroline